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This error is raised when the OpenSpecimen server is unable to contact the REDCap server. It can happen due to any of the following reasons:

1. UnknownHostException: The REDCap server hostname could not be resolved to a valid IP address.

   1. Ensure the hostname specified in the server config is correct. 

   2. Contact system/network admin to configure the appropriate DNS entries to resolve the REDCap hostname to the corresponding IP address.

2. ConnectException - Connection Refused

   1. Firewall rules might be preventing connections from the OpenSpecimen VM to the REDCap server. Contact system/network admin to fix the firewall rules.

3. CertificateExpiredException: This occurs when the REDCap server certificate has expired.

   1. Contact the REDCap server administrator to renew the server certificate.

4. SSLHandshakeException: PKIX path building failed. This occurs when the REDCap server is either using a self-signed certificate or using a certificate issued by CA not trusted by every client.

   1. Contact the REDCap server administrator to share the CA root certificate for importing into OpenSpecimen's trusted certificate store.

   2. The REDCap public certificate can be imported into the JVM trust store as below. This will require reboot of OpenSpecimen app.

      1. keytool -importcert -alias <server_name> -keystore $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/security/cacerts -file <public_certificate.crt>